Abraham (Patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
Abraham, born around 2000-1800 BCE in Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), is seen as the founder of monotheism. Originally Abram, he reportedly received a call to migrate to Canaan, promised vast descendants despite his and Sarah's infertility. Key events: a covenant ritual (circumcision), fathering Ishmael with Hagar and Isaac with Sarah (via a "miraculous" late pregnancy), and nearly sacrificing Isaac as a faith test. He lived to 175 and is buried in Hebron. Historically, he may represent a composite of tribal leaders, with Bronze Age archaeology offering contextual but not biographical evidence.
Moses (Prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
Born circa 1400-1200 BCE amid Pharaoh's infanticide decree, Moses was adopted into the Egyptian court, fled after killing an overseer, and claimed a burning bush vision in Midian. He returned, triggered the Ten Plagues, led the Exodus by "parting" the Red Sea, and received laws on Mount Sinai during a 40-year wander. He died at 120 overlooking Canaan. The Exodus lacks direct archaeological proof, possibly reflecting regional migrations.
Jesus (Central to Christianity, Prophet in Islam)
Jesus of Nazareth (4 BCE–30/33 CE), born in Bethlehem with virgin birth tales, grew up in Nazareth. Baptized at 30, he preached love via parables and performed "miracles" like healing, multiplying loaves/fishes, curing blindness, and raising Lazarus. Key: Sermon on the Mount, crucifixion under Pilate, and resurrection claims. Historians like Josephus confirm his existence; teachings influenced apocalyptic Judaism.
Muhammad (Founder of Islam)
Born 570 CE in Mecca, orphaned young, Muhammad became a merchant, marrying Khadija. At 40, he reported Gabriel's revelations in a cave, preaching monotheism. Persecuted, he migrated (Hijra) to Medina in 622, built a community, won battles, and conquered Mecca in 630. Died 632 at 62. Well-documented as a unifier of Arabia.
Buddha (Founder of Buddhism)
Siddhartha Gautama (563–483 BCE), born in Lumbini, Nepal, renounced royalty at 29 after witnessing suffering. After asceticism, he achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, teaching the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. He preached 45 years, "performing" feats like the Twin Miracle (emitting fire/water). Died at 80 from illness. Archaeology supports his era via Ashokan edicts.
Krishna (Deity and Avatar in Hinduism)
Krishna, Vishnu's eighth avatar (circa 3100–3000 BCE), born in Mathura amid Kamsa's threats, was raised in Vrindavan. Childhood "miracles": lifting Govardhan Hill, taming serpents. Adult: slew Kamsa, advised Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita during the Mahabharata. Died via arrow wound. May reflect historical chieftains, with sites like Dwarka offering clues.